Three delivery models
| Model | Who integrates | Cost premium | Best when |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full EPC turnkey | One contractor | +12–25% | Limited in-house engineering, lender requires single point of responsibility |
| EPCM (managed) | Consultant manages packages | +6–12% | Buyer wants cost transparency and can carry some risk |
| Multi-package | Buyer's own team | Baseline | Strong internal project engineering and prior plant experience |
Lenders frequently push towards EPC because it concentrates completion risk with one creditworthy counterparty. That preference has real value: an EPC premium of 15% can be offset entirely by a longer, cheaper facility that a multi-package structure could not obtain.
Risk allocation that survives a dispute
- Performance guarantee tied to measurable output, yield and utility consumption at defined input specification
- Liquidated damages for delay and for performance shortfall, with a stated cap and a buy-out threshold
- Clear interface schedule listing every item supplied by the buyer, with dates
- Retention of 5–10% released against SAT and the end of the defect liability period
- Advance payment guarantee and performance bond from an acceptable bank
- Change-order procedure with pre-agreed rates, not open-ended pricing
- Force majeure and currency clauses that reflect the actual supply chain
Milestone and acceptance structure
| Milestone | Share of contract value | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Contract signature (advance) | 10–20% | Against advance payment guarantee |
| Detailed engineering approved | 10% | Approved P&IDs, layouts, single-line diagrams |
| Major equipment manufactured | 25–30% | Inspection release notes |
| Factory acceptance test passed | 10–15% | Signed FAT protocol |
| Delivery to site | 15% | Bill of lading and site receipt |
| Mechanical completion | 10% | Punch list agreed |
| Site acceptance test / performance | 10% | SAT and guaranteed output demonstrated |
| End of defect liability | 5% | Retention release |
Never pay more than 20% before engineering approval
Advance payments above 20% without a bank guarantee are the most common source of unrecoverable loss in cross-border plant projects.
Questions & answers
Frequently asked questions
Is turnkey worth the premium?
It is when your team lacks plant integration experience, when the lender requires single-point responsibility, or when the cost of a three-month delay exceeds the premium. Otherwise EPCM usually delivers better value.
What should a performance guarantee cover?
Output rate, product quality and yield, utility consumption per unit, and availability over a defined test period at a defined raw material specification. A guarantee without an input specification is unenforceable in practice.
How long is a typical defect liability period?
Twelve months from SAT or eighteen months from delivery, whichever comes first, is the market norm. For critical process equipment, negotiate 24 months on major components.
Can you help structure the contract and milestones?
We support scope definition, milestone structuring and the technical annexes as part of buyer-side procurement support. Legal drafting remains with your counsel.
Industrial financing
Financing routes for project planning
Financing is scoped alongside the RFQ, not after supplier selection — the funding route changes the optimal supplier, currency, incoterms and delivery schedule. Global B2B Group never lends, never takes a success fee from buyers and is not tied to any institution. Below are the nine routes we actively structure against.
Export Credit Agencies
State-backed cover (Euler Hermes, SACE, EKF, UKEF, Atradius, K-Sure) on equipment exported from the supplier's country, usually combined with a commercial bank loan.
- Tenor
- 5 – 12 years
- Ticket
- $2M – $250M
Best for: Imported production lines and turnkey plants from EU, UK, Korea or Japan
- Eligible country content
- Down payment 15%
- Bankable feasibility study
Development Banks & DFIs
IFC, EBRD, AfDB, ADB, IDB, FMO, Proparco and bilateral development windows funding industrial capex with concessional pricing and long grace periods.
- Tenor
- 7 – 15 years
- Ticket
- $5M – $200M
Best for: Food security, cold chain, energy efficiency and job-creating projects in emerging markets
- ESG / E&S compliance
- Audited financials
- Development impact case
Commercial Lending
Bank term debt and capex facilities secured against project cash flow, equipment and corporate balance sheet, in local or hard currency.
- Tenor
- 3 – 8 years
- Ticket
- $500K – $80M
Best for: Established operators expanding proven capacity
- DSCR ≥ 1.3x
- Security package
- Sponsor equity 25–35%
Equipment Leasing
Operating and finance leases that keep machinery off the balance sheet, preserve working capital and align payments with production ramp-up.
- Tenor
- 2 – 7 years
- Ticket
- $100K – $25M
Best for: Single machines, packaging lines, handling fleets and phased upgrades
- Asset resale value
- Insurance
- Deposit 10–20%
Vendor Financing
Supplier-supported deferred payment and instalment structures negotiated inside the RFQ, before supplier selection narrows your leverage.
- Tenor
- 1 – 5 years
- Ticket
- $250K – $30M
Best for: Buyers who want a single contractual counterparty for supply and payment terms
- Supplier credit appetite
- Bank guarantee or LC
- Milestone schedule
Project Finance
Limited-recourse SPV structures where the facility's own cash flow repays the debt, with independent technical and market due diligence.
- Tenor
- 8 – 18 years
- Ticket
- $20M – $500M
Best for: Greenfield plants, integrated processing complexes and utility-scale infrastructure
- Offtake agreements
- EPC contract
- Independent engineer report
Private Equity
Growth and buy-out capital from industrial and agri-focused funds, typically alongside a debt tranche to lower the blended cost of capital.
- Tenor
- 4 – 7 year hold
- Ticket
- $5M – $150M
Best for: Platform build-outs, consolidation and cross-border expansion
- Governance standards
- Growth thesis
- Exit path
Investment Partners
Strategic co-investors, family offices and regional sponsors who bring local licensing, land, offtake or distribution alongside capital.
- Tenor
- Negotiated
- Ticket
- $1M – $50M
Best for: Projects needing local partnership or market access as much as funding
- Shareholder agreement
- Clear capital structure
- Aligned exit
Government Programmes
Industrial localisation incentives, capex grants, interest subsidies, free-zone benefits and agri-processing schemes that reduce effective project cost.
- Tenor
- Programme specific
- Ticket
- Grants 5% – 40% of capex
Best for: Projects in priority sectors, special economic zones or import-substitution plans
- Local registration
- Job creation targets
- Application windows
How financing is structured
1. Scope & budget
Technical scope and realistic capex band are fixed first — lenders price the project, not the wish list.
2. Route selection
We map which of the nine routes actually fit your country, sector, ticket size and sponsor profile.
3. Bankable package
Feasibility, offtake, DSCR model and equipment quotations assembled into a lender-ready file.
4. Introductions
Independent introductions to ECAs, DFIs, banks, lessors and equity partners — no exclusivity, no success fee to buyers.
Get a funding route assessment
Human-led, supplier-neutral and 100% free for buyers. We return the routes that realistically fit your project, with indicative tenors, equity requirements and documentation checklists.
Next steps
Put this into practice
Request machinery quotes
Supplier-neutral · Human-led · No cost to buyers
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